ini lagi bro ada sedikit materi kuliah tentang SLA (second language acquisition) atau tentang pemerolehan bahasa kedua.

Individual Difference

Indvidual difference is affective factor as larner personalities can influence they experience to take risk in learning and using second language.

Language Aptitude

Language aptitude according to John.B.carrol and Stanley Sapon language aptitude refers to relative to other individuals, prediction of how well an individual can learner a foreign language in given. Or language aptitude is process natural ability for learning second language. John Carrol identification of language aptitude of parted component, these are:

1. Phonemic coding ability, the ability of sound identify the sound of a foreign language can be remembered later or perceive distinct sounds. This ability also seen to handle sound symbol relationship. Example identifies sound th which stand for.
2. Grammatical sensitivity, the ability recognizes the grammatical function of word in sentence or grammatical function of a lexical element (word, phrase) Example subject and object in sentence.
3. Inductive language learning ability, the ability identify pattern of correspondence and relation between form and meaning or induce rules governing the structure of a language. Example in English “to” donate direction and “at” location.
4. Rote learning ability, the ability form and remember association stimuli. This ability is believed to be important vocabulary learning.

Motivation

Motivation involves the attitude an affective stated make to learn a second language that influences the degree of effort that learner. Motivations have been identified:

 Instrumental Motivation

Learners make an effort to learn some functional reason to pass examination, get job or get a place to university. The learning context instrumental motivation seems to be success in second language learning the mayor force determined. Example motivated to learn second language are learners because opens up economic opportunity and educational for them.

Integrative Motivation

Some learners may choose to learn a particular second language because they are interested in the people and culture target language group. Example integrative underlies orientation that many English speaking Canadians for learning French.

Resultative Motivation

An assume of research the cause of second language achievement to above is that motivation. It is possible motivation is the result learning. Learner who experience success in learning may become more context motivated to learn.

Intrinsic Motivation

General reasons for learning second language in some learning situation that is crucial in determine their motivation. Such is probably with case the many foreign language learners. Motivation is clearly a highly complex phenomenon. These four motivation as complementary as distinct and oppositional.

Learning strategy

Learning strategies are techniques or particular approach that learners employ to try to learn a second language. Different kinds of learning strategies have been identified. Cognitive strategies are involving the analysis.

Krashen’s Theory

Krashen’s have a five hypotheses, these are:

1.      The natural order hypothesis is acquire the rules of language in a predictable order

2.      The acquisition /learner hypothesis is 'adults have two distinctive ways of developing competences in second languages (Krashen & Terrell 1983)

3.      The Monitor Hypothesis is can only be used as a monitor or an editor (Krashen & Terrell 1983)

4.      The Input Hypothesis is humans acquire language in only one way - by understanding messages or by receiving (comprehensible input)

5.      The Affective Filter Hypothesis is a mental block, caused by affective factors that prevents input from reaching the language acquisition device (Krashen, 1985)

Differences acquisition and learning

ACQUISITION	LEARNING
implicit, subconscious	explicit, conscious
informal situations	formal situations
uses grammatical 'feel'	uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude	depends on aptitude
stable order of acquisition	simple to complex order of learning

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