Deixis

ini lagi ada materi tentang mata kuliah ku nih, tentang pragmatics...

DEIXIS

Deixis is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation, such as:

·         Who is speaking

·         The time or place of speaking

·         The gesture (body language) the speaker

·         The current location in the discourse

Some sentences in English are impossible to understand if we don’t know who is speaking / whom / what / why / whose / which / where / when / how.  Example: “you’ll have to bring that back tomorrow because they aren’t here now”. The sentence the expression in read only understood in the immediate physical context in which they were spoken. Such expressions, which can only be understood in terms of the speaker’s intended meaning, are called deictic expression.

In here are examples of deictic expression : I, you, now, there, that, the following and tenses.

ANTECEDENT

In grammar, an antecedent is generally the noun or noun phrase to which anaphor refers in a coreference. Usually an antecedent can also be a clause, and the anaphor is a demonstrative in these sentences. The example of antecedent “ I met John at mike’s. He told me about his new friend”. Generally  most speaker agree that “he” refers to “John” but any think like : did John tell speaker about his own new friend?, did John tell the speaker about Mike’s new friend?, did Mike tell the speaker about his own new friend? Or did Mike tell the speaker about John’s friend?.

Antecedents are of particular relative pronouns with importance in connection, relative clause the pronoun usually opens but the antecedent is located in the main clause. The example: “As I was going up the stairs, I met a man wasn’t there...”

Antecedent may also be a clause.

 Example: “I guess he’s enjoying himself”

                  “Yes, that’s right”

An antecedent can also be the pronoun which refers to the object before.

Example: “John is happy to be going to the correct. He bought the tickets three month previously.

ANAPHORA

In linguistics, anaphora is an instance of an expression referring to another. In generally anaphora expression is some kind of deictic or represented by a pro form.

Example: “Can you borrow your book?”

                 “Yes, it’s on the table.”

The book and it have a referential relationship. The first mention is called the antecedent. The second and any subsequent reference is called the anaphora.

                  “The monkey took the banana and ate it”

“It” is anaphoric under the strict definition (it refers to the banana).

PRESUPPOSITION

Presupposition is an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse to is an implicit assumption about the world of background belief relating. Or speakers design their linguistic messages on the basic of assumptions about what their hearer already know, what speaker assumes, known by the hearer is called a presupposition.

Example of presupposition include :

·         “Your son is waiting outside for you”

·         “why did you get late”

·         “when did you stop smoking”

The lawyer questioning a defendant: “Okay Mr. Chan how fast was you going when you run the red light.